During very cold or snowy weather, many people notice their toes becoming red, swollen, itchy, or painful. Sometimes there is a burning or tingling sensation. This condition is called chilblains, also known as pernio.

Chilblains are common in winter and usually affect the feet. They are often harmless, but they should not be ignored—especially if symptoms persist, the skin breaks, or if you have underlying health conditions such as diabetes.

What are chilblains?

Chilblains are an inflammatory reaction of the skin to cold temperatures. They happen when small blood vessels in the skin react abnormally to cold exposure, particularly when the feet warm up too quickly afterwards.

They are not an infection and not contagious, but they can be uncomfortable and may lead to cracked skin or sores in some cases.

What do chilblains look and feel like?

Chilblains usually appear on the toes or the front of the foot (occasionally the heels).

• Red, purple, or bluish patches
• Swelling
• Itching or burning sensations
• Pain or tenderness
• In more severe cases: cracked skin or small sores

Symptoms often develop several hours after cold exposure.

Who is more likely to get chilblains?

Chilblains can affect anyone, but they are more common if you:

• Have poor circulation
• Have diabetes
• Have a history of Raynaud’s phenomenon
• Spend long periods in cold or damp conditions
• Wear tight, thin, or unsuitable footwear
• Often have naturally cold hands and feet

If you have diabetes, it is especially important to monitor any changes in your feet. Reduced sensation or slower healing can increase the risk of complications. You can read more about diabetic neuropathy here.

What chilblains are NOT

Chilblains can look similar to other conditions, so it helps to understand what they typically are not:

• Not always a sign of a circulation disease
• Not always an infection
• Not caused by poor hygiene

That said, if you are unsure—or if you have diabetes or reduced sensation—it’s best to have them checked.

What can you do at home?

These steps can reduce irritation and help your skin recover:

• Warm your feet gradually (avoid hot water bottles or direct heat)
• Wear warm, breathable socks
• Keep feet dry (change socks if damp)
• Avoid tight shoes that compress the toes
• Moisturise gently if skin is dry or cracked
• Avoid scratching—even if itchy

When should you see a podiatrist?

You should seek professional advice if:

• Symptoms are not improving after 1–2 weeks
• Pain is worsening
• The skin breaks or sores develop
• You have diabetes, reduced sensation, or known circulation problems
• You are unsure whether it is chilblains or something else

For further general information, you may also find the NHS guidance on chilblains helpful: NHS – Chilblains.

Quick FAQs

Disclaimer: This page is for general information and does not replace medical assessment. If you have severe pain, rapidly spreading redness, fever, or significant concerns—seek urgent medical advice.